Representing Hydropower in Power Flow and Stability Models

Identification of modeling gaps for existing and new hydropower replacements/installations including, but not limited to the following:
• Governor dead-band issues
• Response exceeding generator nameplate template
• Forced oscillations, while operating in rough zones
• Secondary control loops
• Frequency trip settings
• Water-hammer effect and water inertia
• Over/underestimation of water availability
• Static head-water values that are not adjusted to represent current conditions
• Over/underestimation of available generation capacity